For example, a paper presentation is cited in the following format. Jones, personal communication, September 28, 2011)įor a talk at a conference, you do provide a full reference entry and APA in-text citation.
Citing a lecture as a personal communication(D. State the lecturer’s name (initials and last name), the words “personal communication,” and the date of the lecture. Instead, you should usually just cite the lecture as a personal communication in parentheses in the text. This is based on the idea that it’s only useful to document sources your reader can actually access. In APA Style, you don’t provide a formal citation for a lecture unless it is recorded or documented in some way. Frequently asked questions about citations.You will follow Rule 18.3 for those.įor example, exact pdf copies of law review articles you find on the web can be cited as if citing to the print. Material from a commercial database such as Westlaw does not preserve the original pagination and therefore cannot be cited as if it were the print hard copy. An official document that is published only online can still be cited as if it were were print material if no authenticated version exists.ģ) Exact Copies (R.18.2.1(a)(iii)): If the material posted online is an exact copy of the print version, such as a pdf with page numbers, you can cite to it as if it were the hard copy print source. Code is also on Govinfo.Ģ) Official Versions (R.18.2.1(a)(iii)): Some states provide an online version of a document as the "official" document. Here is an example of what the GPO seal of authenticity looks like:įor more information on authenticated documents, click here.Įxample: 8 C.F.R. §207.3 (2016). If the website or internet document you are viewing has such a certificate or logo, you can cite it as if it were a hard copy.
If the source falls under one of these three categories, cite to the internet source the same way you would cite to the print source:ġ) Authenticated Documents (R.18.2.1(a)(i)): Electronic documents that have a certificate or logo indicating that a government entity has verified that the electronic document is complete and unaltered, as well as comparable to the print version. Bluebook requires citing to print, unless print is impossible to find, or unless there is a digital source that falls under one of these three categories.
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